Agricultural Sustainability (AS) in Fanning Systems has turned into an extremely sensitive issue, which has attracted the attention of most researchers in recent years. The Main objective of this survey research was to assess the situation with regard to different levels of fanning system sustainability among WHEAT GROWING fanners in Agricultural Production Cooperatives in Fars Province of Iran. All fanners who were members of agricultural cooperatives, were included in the study (N=2700) of whom 132 were selected through Proportional Stratified-randomization method.The reliability of the instrument was determined through Cronbach's Alpha (0.76). Study instrument was sent to the agricultural experts in Research Center, Fars Province to be tested for face validity. The results of Cluster Analysis Technique revealed that the Agricultural Production Cooperatives (APCs) in Arsenjan, Marvdasht and Darab Counties; Lar and Eghlid counties; and Abade county stood in unsustainable, semi sustainable and sustainable categories respectively. Also, results revealed that fanning systems were categorized into three levels of sustainability namely sustainable (30.2%), semi-sustainable (43.1%) and unsustainable (26.7%).

The main objective of this paper is to study farmer's situation encountering uncertainty. The data were analyzed with multiple criteria programming and TOPSIS method. The results showed that about 74.6% farmers and 67.76% of cultivation areas in Khorasan Razavi province were not in suitable situation encountering uncertainty. Only 2.33% of farmers were in suitable situation. Finally, for improvement of farmers encountering uncertainty, diversifying farming enterprises such as development of ranching, using appropriate agricultural machinery and increase group work through rural cooperatives were recommended.

Drought is a complex and recurring socio-natural hazard that is increasing in frequency, intensity, and duration due to climate change. Agriculture, one of the most important economic sectors of the country and a key sector for meeting the food needs of the GROWING population as well as being the primary source of income and livelihood for villagers, is strongly impacted by this costly climate risk and its gradual consequences. Therefore, the agricultural development process and the sustainable livelihood of those dependent on this sector require identifying and evaluating the level of vulnerability to such natural hazards. The aim of this applied research study was to assess the vulnerability of farmers in Fars province to drought, focusing on three elements: exposure, livelihood sensitivity, and adaptability. For this purpose, 420 farmers were interviewed using a multi-stage cluster random sampling technique. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors in agricultural development and extension, and its reliability was confirmed through a pilot study and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Meteorological data and the annual precipitation index (SIAP) were used to estimate exposure. The results showed that the average normal exposure, livelihood sensitivity, and adaptability of the farmers were 0.575, 0.488, and 0.535 out of 1, respectively. The Climatic Vulnerability Index (CVI) was estimated at 0.514 out of 1 (with a range of 0.2 to 0.86), which is somewhat higher than the average. Additionally, based on multi-media cluster analysis, the respondents were categorized into three vulnerability groups: low (about 54%), medium (27%), and high (over 19%). The average CVI for these groups was 0.42, 0.56, and 0.68, respectively. The results of the spatial analysis showed that the CVI ranged from 0.310 in Lamerd to 0.640 in Marvdasht. The research concluded that to reduce farmers' vulnerability to drought, a combination of educational, support, and management measures should be implemented. Additionally, considering regional differences and the specific characteristics of each area is crucial in planning programs and policies. The use of spatial data and more accurate analyses can help identify vulnerable areas.

The time and duration of developmental stages (phonological events) are important in grain yield determination of WHEAT. The aim of this research was to study the ratio of post- to pre-anthesis duration in WHEAT plant and to investigate its possible association with grain yield.Eighty-one WHEAT cultivars were grown at research farm of Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources-University of Mohaghegh Ardabili under well-watered conditions during 2010-2011 GROWING season. The dates of anthesis, and physiological maturity were recorded. Grain filling period (GFP) was recorded as the period from anthesis to physiological maturity. With the objective of including temperature effects on the lengths of growth phases, all developmental stages were expressed in the form of GROWING degree days (GDD). The ratio of post to pre anthesis duration was calculated as the amount of GDD from anthesis to maturity (GFP) divided by the amount of GDD from sowing to anthesis. Results showed that examined cultivars had significantly differences with respect to grain yield where this trait range from 293 to 746 gram per square meter. Crossed Alborz, Akbari, and Naz were the most productive cultivars whereas Shahpasand, Omid, and Sardari performed visa versa. Close association (r=0.79, P < 0.01) was found between grain yield and biological yield. In addition, grain yield correlated significantly and positively with grain number per square meter (r=0.74, P < 0.01) and with thousand-grain weight (r=0.42, P < 0.01). Large variations were found among tested cultivars with respect to thermal time from sowing to anthesis.

A new durum WHEAT cultivar, Taban (DW-92-5) was initially introduced as a breeding line through 42ed International Durum Screening Nursery (42ed IDSN) received from the International Maize and WHEAT Improvement Center (CIMMYT) and was evaluated in two research stations of Dezful and Darab in warm agro-climate zone of Iran. In this step, DW-92-5 (Taban) was selected for the further studies based on its high grain yield (7492 kgha-1). This line with 6976 kgha-1 average grain yield was close to Behrang as a control cultivar with 7198 kgha-1 in the regional preliminary yield trial in 2011-2012 cropping season. Line DW-92-5 had an average grain yield of 7782 kgha-1 in the advanced yield trials and was selected for the further evaluations. The regional elite yield trials was conducted in four stations of Ahvaz, Darab, Dezful and Khorramabad in 2013-14 and 2014-15. This line with 6669 kgha-1 had 12% higher yield than Behrang check cultivar with grain yield of 5935 kgha-1 and was selected as superior line based on its grain yield and yield stability. Taban also has high quality of semolina, high protein content (13. 2%). The results of on-farm trials showed that this cultivar exhibited a 12% and 13% higher grain than Shabrang and Behrang, respectively, as local checks in Sistan and Baloochestan province as well as a 2% and 18% higher grain yield compared to Behrang and Yavarous as local checks in Kerman province. In total, based on its high grain yield, yield stability, quality of semolina and its good level of resistance to yellow and leaf rusts, line DW-92-5 was released as a new durum WHEAT cultivar with the name of “Taban” for warm agro-climate zone of Iran.

During 1996-99 WHEAT spikes with symptoms of gummy spike blight were collected from several WHEAT GROWING provinces of Iran. Kernels were triturated in distilled water and the suspensions were streaked onto plates of yeast extract and sucrose nutrient agar. Yellow-pigmented strains were selected and their phenotypic characteristics and electrophoretic profiles of cell proteins were determined. Results indicated that Rathayibacter iranicus was distributed in East Azarbayejan, Ealam and Kuhkilouyeh and Boyer-Ahmad and R. tritid was prevalent in Golestan, Khuzistan and Sistan and Bluchistan provinces. Both species were present in Isfahan but in separate WHEAT GROWING areas. Some heterogeneities in phenotypic features and electrophoretic profile of cell proteins among R. iranicus strains were observed.

Water Water deficit especially after heading is one of the most effective factors of WHEAT yield loss in Iran and across the world and identifying the physiological traits related to plant resilience is of great importance in screening for tolerant varieties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the variation in stem reserves accumulation capacity and its relationship with remobilization in some WHEAT cultivars. 22 WHEAT cultivars were cultivated in a split plot design with three replications, full irrigation and 40% of field capacity being main plots. The amount of accumulation and remobilization was estimated by measuring internodes weight and stem soluble carbohydrates content (WSC). Significant genotypic variation among cultivars was observed under both normal and drought conditions. Maximum accumulation was found in lower internodes followed by peduncle and penultimate using dry weight measurement method. In WSC measurement method, however, maximum accumulation was observed in penultimate followed by lower internodes and peduncle. Cultivars ranking based on accumulation was also different in two methods. Drought stress caused decline in internodes weight, WSC and yield and remobilization efficiency. The specific stem weight had the highest correlation with remobilization. Significant correlation was found between grain yield and remobilization, specific stem weight and WSC.

In order to calibrate and validate the CERES-WHEAT model, two experiments were carried out at Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Khouzestan during 1382-83 and 1383-84 GROWING seasons. In addition, we used results of experiments, which were performed in previous years at this Research Center. The values of root mean square error (RMSE) for anthesis and maturity dates, grain yield and biomass production were 2.5d, 5d, 640 kg/ha and 460 kg/ha, respectively. These RMSE values were less than 10 percent of observed data means. The results indicated that the CERES-WHEAT model can satisfactorily predict phonological stages, grain yield and biomass of WHEAT. Then calibrated and validated CERES-WHEAT model can apply to research purposes in Ahvaz conditions.

Temperature is one the most important meteorological variables affecting plant growth and development.that influence on alive.In this study the heat requirement of winter whaet in to climatic region of Iran namely Pars Abad and Darab were estimated using 3 hourly tempeareure data and hourly data generating models.The results revealed that climate type, merthod of GDD calculation and temperature thresholds are have significant effect in GDD calculation.In the regions with maximum temperature above the fixed thereshold, maxmum-minimum method was superior to mean temperature method.The results showed that models using daily data are almost coincide, but a significant difference were observed between hourly and daily models.In warm climate, the calibrated values of maximum temperature was slightly above the given threshold but in cold the climate the difference between calibrated and fixed thereshold was lower.In general, the results of study showed that in early, phenological stages, mean temperature mehod is preferable for GDD calculation, in the other two stages (mid and late) due to.

Introduction1 Adverse and extreme agro climatic events will disrupt food production and these changes are expected to increase in the world. The WHEAT is Iran's dominant diet, especially in the form of bread. It is important as a food product that has an impact on food security. Climate change can affect WHEAT production in major areas of rainfed WHEAT production in Iran, with social and economic consequences. Therefore, it is important for policy makers and scientists to evaluate the effects of climate change on the agricultural sector and food security. Crop models cannot take into account the effects of severe weather events (such as heavy rainfall, heat stresses) on the final yield of the crop. It could be useful to utilize agro climatic indices to provide more comprehensive projections of the impact of climate change on agro climatic conditions. The purpose of this study was evaluating the probability of occurrence of adverse and extreme agro climatic events at different stages of WHEAT development using agro climatic indices. Materials and Methods The focus of this study is on main areas of rainfed WHEAT production in Iran (Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Golestan, Zanjan, Hamedan, and Ardebil provinces). According to the latest statistics and information from the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad, more than 55% of WHEAT production achieve in these areas. The evaluations are based on the outputs of seven CMIP5 models and RCP8. 5 and RCO2. 6 emission scenarios for the period 2045-2065 and 2080-2100. The equidistant quintile-based mapping method (EDCDF) was applied to bias correct the outputs of CMIP5 models. The proposed method of Allen et al. (1998) was utilized to estimate daily crop evapotranspiration, soil moisture and relative reduction in crop yield under soil water shortage to describe the major adverse conditions for WHEAT production; the set of 13 indicators was used to cover the major causes of low yields of winter WHEAT. Result and discussion The average temperature during the GROWING season will be increased by 3. 1 ° C for the late cultivar and RCP8. 5 scenario during the period 2080-2100 compared to the baseline. The appropriate sowing dates will occur later for all scenarios relative to the baseline and shift to late autumn. Due to the increased average temperature during the growth period, anthesis and maturity dates will occur earlier relative to the baseline and subsequently the average growth period for all scenarios is shorter than the baseline. Average total crop evapotranspiration (ETc) during the GROWING season will be reduced in most stations. The average relative reduction in crop yield (YD) and the average total effective solar radiation will be more favorable than the baseline. Thus, it can be said that these crop yield indicators are better than the baseline. However, increasing frequency of adverse events will be undesirable and the most unsettling possibility is the increase in the likelihood of occurrence of at least one, two and three adverse events during the GROWING season that can be extremely unfavorable climatic conditions for the production of WHEAT. The close connection between the likelihood of adverse events and the duration of growth period (such as moisture and heat stresses) is obvious so that the longer growth period, is more likely to be exposed to high temperatures and moisture stresses. An early cultivar will be a more suitable cultivar for sowing compare to late and medium-ripening cultivar which can change future climate conditions in favor of rainfed WHEAT production in most areas, especially cold regions. Conclusion In this study, the probability of occurrence of adverse and extreme agro climatic events during the GROWING season of WHEAT was determined, which is usually not well considered in crop models. However, it is well known that the impacts of such extreme events can be substantial. The results of this study showed that, despite high uncertainty in the climate projections within CMIP5 models, the probability of occurrence of at least one (or more) adverse event during the growth period for each cultivar will increase compared to the baseline for the same cultivar. So that, the longer growth period, the greater likelihood of occurrence of at least one (or more) adverse event.